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Invaders
Millions have come by boat, tucked away in holes, shedding babies through ballast water. Swimming, scuttling, drifting, they deploy under cover of night or in broad daylight. It makes no difference. Neither covert, nor clandestine operations are necessary. And while there will be combat and casualties, maybe even annihilation, the campaign is waged quietly, often underfoot and, while not necessarily out of sight, nonetheless undetected by most who witness it.
Save for scientists such as , , and who鈥檝e made it their work to research invasive species and to train new generations of scientists in its monitoring and mitigation. Because the effects of invasive species can range from nuisance to deadly. And it is almost always costly.
Invasive species are non-indigenous plants or animals whose arrival adversely affects habitats economically, or ecologically. Management of invasive species varies. In some cases, physical or mechanical control, i.e. removing the invasive species from the habitat through traps or barriers or, in the case of plants, mowing, is possible. In some instances, chemical (pesticides) and biological controls (introducing predators, parasites, or pathogens) have been employed. Still another option is cultural management: manipulation of the habitat that makes it less hospitable to the invader.
Sound troubling? It can be. Books on the subject bear ominous titles reminiscent of H.G. Wells鈥� War of the Worlds or virtually anything written by home-grown horror author H.P. Lovecraft. Examples: Killer Algae: The True Tale of a Biological Invasion, The Aliens Among Us: How Invasive Species are Transforming the Planet — And Ourselves, Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature is Thriving in an Age of Extinction, and A Plague of Rats and Rubber Vines: The Growing Threat of Species Invasions.
Once here, the invaders鈥� strategy follows a predictable, four-pronged strategy: eat, reproduce, fight, endure. Trouble is, things are often out of hand by the time human beings catch on. Case in point: The red Asian seaweed Grateloupia turuturu that was first discovered in Narragansett Bay in 1996. Twelve years after this species was introduced through ballast water from trans-Atlantic ships, it had spread across more than 400 miles of New England coastline from Maine south. It is a nuisance for fishers, gumming up lobster traps and pots, and it blankets beaches. It also smells when dried. Not great for a state whose primary industry is tourism.
And that鈥檚 just one invasive species. Scientists estimate at least 25 new fish and invertebrate species have arrived in New England over the past couple of decades. Some have substantial ecological impact, says Hobbs. Scientists like Hobbs are quick to note, though, that invasive species aren鈥檛 all bad. They鈥檒l tell you the term 鈥渋nvasive鈥� is generally pejorative and, so, a seriously problematic word to use when classifying a species new to town. 鈥淚nvasive鈥� is likely both incorrect and very troublesome, Hobbs says.
You have to admire what a species is capable of.Niels-Viggo Hobbs
It鈥檚 a sunny day in June. Hobbs and a group of students are in Newport, drawing up submerged slate plates tethered to docks and weighted with bricks to see what鈥檚 growing underneath, on, and around them. Docks are considered disturbed habitats and boats are vectors for invasive species. A marina, then, is the first line for the introduction and propagation of an invasion.
A side conversation about an invasive jellyfish has Hobbs excited. There have been reports of a new-to-the-area type of jellyfish that has been attaching itself to eelgrass. Hobbs warns those present not to touch the jellyfish should they see them as the jellyfish produce hallucinogenic effects and 鈥渘ot in a pleasant way,鈥� Hobbs quips.
Back to the invasive species at hand. Hobbs is looking at a dark, bushy growth. It鈥檚 actually a group of organisms, colonial creatures, with the scientific name Bryozoa. Hobbs notes that three years ago, they wouldn鈥檛 have encountered this thing but it鈥檚 proved a hardy creature (remember: reproduces faster, better able to adapt, fast grower, not a picky eater). 鈥淧retty much everything is invasive,鈥� Hobbs says, looking at the slate鈥檚 occupants. 鈥淣inety-nine percent of what we鈥檙e seeing is invasive species.鈥�
In 2018, Hobbs became the first winner of the part-time faculty excellence award given by 911爆料鈥檚 Office of the Provost. Hobbs, an adjunct instructor in the College of the Environment and Life Sciences, began teaching in 2003. He is an expert on invertebrates and marine communities in New England and is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Environmental Protection Agency. He studies crustaceans and has 鈥渉eavily dabbled鈥� in other species.
Hobbs notes the various creatures present on the slate to his students, who fill out pre-printed data sheets. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e a crash course on how to ID this stuff,鈥� says Megan Major 鈥�20, an undergraduate studying animal and veterinary sciences and wildlife conservation. Hobbs and his students check the plates every month. Some plates are left in the water for the whole season.
鈥淭his whole plate is almost all invasive species,鈥� Hobbs notes. Up close, the plate鈥檚 residents collectively resemble the forgotten sandwich in a bagged lunch that has been sitting in a backpack all summer. Think slime in varying shades of rust upon which sit squishy colonies of beetle-sized tunicates, or sea squirts, aptly named as they squirt sea water when pressed. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e actually closely related to us,鈥� Hobbs says.
Hobbs picks up a bug-ish looking invertebrate from the slate and holds it in his hand鈥攁 tiny, many-legged, crustacean you鈥檇 freak out to find in your bathing suit. 鈥淚sopods are adorable,鈥� one student enthuses. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e so cute.鈥�
鈥淵ou have to admire what a species is capable of,鈥� Hobbs says.
The conversation turns to how invasive species can be a boon for the environment and, so, 鈥渋nvasive鈥� seems pejorative in those cases. Some would prefer the term 鈥渋ntroduced鈥� and save 鈥渋nvasive鈥� for those species causing ecological or economic damage. An invasive species of crab, for instance, may push out native species, but also be a huge food source for commercially important fish.
鈥淪ome species have so much value that people look past it,鈥� Hobbs says. 鈥淥nce an invasive species is introduced, though, it鈥檚 hard to eradicate it.鈥�
I鈥檓 a proponent of getting your hands wet.Lindsay Green-Gavrielidis
One way to mitigate an invasive species鈥� impact: eat it.
To say Lindsay Green-Gavrielidis studies seaweed is certainly true but that just doesn鈥檛 begin to cover it. A seaweed enthusiast, she鈥檒l tell you it鈥檚 a foundation species, providing habitat and structure for innumerable organisms. It is the base of many food webs. It serves its ecosystem through the extraction of excess nutrients from coastal waters.
And it鈥檚 great in lemon cake.
Green-Gavrielidis has her Ph.D. in plant biology and is at 911爆料 as a postdoctoral researcher studying seaweeds. She studies sustainable aquaculture, the ecology of seaweed blooms, and the impact of introduced non-native species on native faunas and floras, among other things. She and Hobbs regularly dive 24 sites around the state, monitoring seaweed activity.
鈥淚 always wanted to be a marine biologist,鈥� Green-Gavrielidis says. 鈥淚 wanted to study dolphins and whales.鈥�
Green-Gavrielidis grew up in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, nowhere near the ocean. 鈥淢y mother said my first word was 鈥榳hale,鈥欌�� Green-Gavrielidis recalls. As a girl, she sat and read encyclopedias and typed up little profiles of whales. College introduced Green-Gavrielidis to other compelling things that lived in the ocean such as seaweed blooms and excess nitrogen.
Seaweed blooms can smother other things living in an area. Microbial decay reduces available oxygen. Seaweed blooms are encouraged by excess nutrients in the coastal environment, Green-Gavrielidis says.
鈥淲e鈥檙e putting too much nitrogen into the water,鈥� she says. Like Hobbs, Green-Gavrielidis is hesitant to categorize a species as good or bad for the environment. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 know enough to determine whether something is of benefit or not. That takes time and research,鈥� she says.
Green-Gavrielidis is working with local oyster fishers on kelp farming. She鈥檚 studying whether this type of brown seaweed might be a food source as well as examining quantitative data on changes in the local habitat over the past 30 years. It is a great field for students to get into, she says. And 911爆料鈥檚 proximity to the ocean makes for unparalleled learning opportunities.
鈥淚鈥檓 a proponent of getting your hands wet and observing the things that you study in their natural environment,鈥� Green-Gavrielidis says. 鈥淚t gives us a good sense of what鈥檚 happening in essential habitats.
鈥淣arragansett Bay is one of the best-studied estuaries in the country. It鈥檚 easily accessible, well-populated, and has a good collection of vigorous research universities in the area as well.鈥�
Green-Gavrielidis is also interested in seaweed as a food source. The invasive species Grateloupia turuturu, for instance, is a commercially important food source in East Asia, its native habitat. 鈥淢arine life factors into toothpaste, ice cream, and powdery non-dairy creamer. It鈥檚 a clarifier in beer brewing,鈥� she says. 鈥淭he vast majority of seaweeds are edible.鈥�
Species are changing because of human action.Carol Thornber
When Professor in Natural Resources Science and the Associate Dean for Research in the College of the Environment and Life Sciences Carol Thornber was six years old and vacationing in Oregon, she picked up a book about whales and dolphins at the public library. The New Jersey native fell in love with the ocean and its creatures in that moment. When older, Thornber studied marine biology.
When at Stanford University, she learned how to scuba dive in Monterey Bay. 鈥淎nd I saw all this life there: fish, seaweeds, crabs scuttling around — the whole bit.鈥�
She gravitated to marine biology and ecology as she studied the rocky shores and tide pools of California. 鈥淭here were lots of scientific studies done on crabs but little was known on the basic biology of some species of seaweed.鈥�
Further investigation raised questions. 鈥淪eaweeds don鈥檛 live in isolation,鈥� Thornber says. 鈥淎s I鈥檝e gone along in my career, you see things start to change and you鈥檙e wondering why. Species disappear or new species come into the mix.鈥�
In graduate school, Thornber studied invasive seaweed that had become established in Southern California. 鈥淚f you lie down on a floating dock, there鈥檚 all sorts of stuff there, primarily because of boat traffic.鈥�
Invasive seaweeds are a tricky thing to manage. Harvesting some types actually triggers reproduction. Eradicating other types is an expensive and disruptive process. Thornber maintains a lab and has an active research program. She is particularly interested in another species of red seaweed Dasysiphonia japonica that reproduces with disruption.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a good invader because it can fragment easily. A piece breaks off and starts to grow,鈥� Thornber says. 鈥淭his species is appearing on both sides of Cape Cod. South of the Cape the water is warmer than the north because of currents. This one quickly spread around.
鈥淲e see huge piles of it washing up on beaches. It鈥檚 an eyesore for coastal communities: little red puffballs in water,鈥� she notes. It鈥檚 become a dominant seaweed on the Eastern Seaboard.
So what鈥檚 to be done? This is not a field of quick fixes or simple answers. In monitoring the spread of invasive species, scientists can make recommendations ranging from containment to eradication as well as prevention of future invasions. What is certain is that international trade and travel is not going to cease — amplifying these issues over time.
And, not all introduced species survive in their new habitats. The Chinese mitten crab, for instance, which has done millions of dollars鈥� worth of damage on the West Coast, started showing up in New York. It didn鈥檛 fare well, though, and ended up failing to establish itself. And a species of European shrimp that showed up in Narragansett Bay appears to have recently disappeared in Salem Sound, where it was first introduced. Nature鈥檚 version of game over.
鈥淚t鈥檚 important for us to understand our natural environment because species are changing because of human action,鈥� Thornber says. 鈥淲e track these populations and see what happens to them.
鈥淪ometimes species just disappear,鈥� Thornber adds. 鈥淭hat kind of ebb and flow happens in nature.鈥�
Homo sapiens: Take note.
